![]() DNA, RNA and other molecules derived by tumour in stool, as well as their concentrations in blood have been studied extensively. Several authors have investigated molecular non-invasive screening tests for early detection of CRC. We examine molecular (genetic, epigenetic, protein) biomarkers associated with CRC and discuss their role in cancer screening, early detecting of disease recurrence and as prognostic and predictive factors.īlood and stool genetic and epigenetic markers In this review, we have updated a review published in 2014. Long-term observational studies also point to the fact that, apart from determining antigen concentration, it can be also important to trace its progress and dynamics. On the other hand, for some types of tumours, markers are also considered important in monitoring the progress of treatment, efficacy of neo-adjuvant therapy, surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy and follow-up for possible recurrence. Some of them are currently found to be more important during treatment and long-term follow-up. The concentrations of tumour markers tested at the diagnostic stage are believed to assist in early cancer diagnosis and to be used in screening tests. These parameters have been selected from among tens of molecules produced by cells in long-term laboratory tests, observational studies and clinical trials. In daily clinical practice, in the process of diagnosis and therapy, there are several parameters in use of long-established high sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. As a result, the concentration of TAAs typically correlates with the number (or mass) of specific neoplastic cells. A term tumour marker, by some researchers considered as a synonym of biomarker, refers to substances (most typically proteins, glycolipids) representing biological structures, which can be attributed to the development of normal cells or carcinogenesis at different cell development stages e.g., tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) which are the largest group of clinically significant markers. A definition of biomarker mostly refers to DNA, RNA, microRNA (miRNA), epigenetic changes or antibodies. The National Institute of Health defines a biomarker as a biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease. The number of biomarkers used for tests continues to grow. More recent available data report that the overall five-year relative survival can achieve 65 percent, but varies depending on stage of cancer disease. Five-year survival was 54 percent among adult Europeans diagnosed with colorectal cancer between 19. There are 250000 cases of colorectal cancer diagnosed on an annual basis in Europe only. In Europe in 2010, CRC was the third most common malignant cancer in both men and women. Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) annually affects more than one million men and women and causes more than half a million deaths. Goal of future research is to identify those biomarkers that could allow a non-invasive and cost-effective diagnosis, as well as to recognise the best prognostic panel and define the predictive biomarkers for available treatments. In this review, we update review published last year and describe our understanding of tumour markers and biomarkers role in CRC screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. There are attempts to personalise chemotherapy based on presence or absence of specific biomarkers. Biomarkers have also the potential to change diagnostic and treatment algorithms by selecting the proper chemotherapeutic drugs across a broad spectrum of patients. Risk stratification for screening might be augmented by finding new biomarkers which alone or as a complement of existing tests might recognize either the predisposition or early stage of the disease. Biomarkers currently play an important role in the detection and treatment of patients with colorectal cancer. It also contributes significantly to cancer-related deaths, despite the continuous progress in diagnostic and therapeutic methods. ![]() Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among females and third among males worldwide.
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